<bean id="listener" class="org.springframework.jms.listener.DefaultMessageListenerContainer">
    <property name="errorHandler" ref="someHandler"/>
    <property name="destinationName" value="someQueue"/>
    <property name="connectionFactory" ref="connectionFactory"/>
</bean>

其中someHandler是一个实现ErrorHandler的bean：

@Service
public class SomeHandler implements ErrorHandler {

    @Override
    public void handleError(Throwable t) {
        log.error("Error in listener", t);
    }
}

不过请注意,根据documentation：

The default behavior of this message listener […] will log any such exception at the error level. […] However, if error handling is necessary, then any implementation of the ErrorHandler strategy may be provided to the setErrorHandler(ErrorHandler) method.

查看你的日志,也许已经记录了例外？